Physical well-being and motor development involve the child’s growing ability to meet their own needs and control their body movements. Children begin to respond when physical needs such as hunger, comfort, or sleep are met, and they start participating in daily care routines like feeding and diapering. As they grow, they develop early self-care skills and an awareness of healthy and safe behaviors. Their gross motor skills strengthen as they gain control of large muscles to move, balance, and navigate their surroundings, while fine motor skills develop as they learn to coordinate small muscles for grasping, manipulating, and exploring objects—eventually using simple tools during play.

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Social and emotional development focuses on building trust, self-awareness, and relationships. Children begin to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar adults, form secure attachments, and engage in nurturing interactions while expressing independence. They communicate needs through expressions, sounds, and gestures, start recognizing themselves as individuals, and develop a positive self-image rooted in family and culture. As self-regulation emerges, they begin coping with stress, managing emotions, and following simple routines or directions. In their interactions with others, they show interest in peers, recognize emotions, and start forming early friendships.

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Language and literacy development includes listening, understanding, and communicating. Children respond with interest to spoken language, begin to understand basic conversation patterns, and use gestures, sounds, and words to express themselves. Through songs, stories, and play, they expand their vocabulary and learn to use language for communication. They also show interest in books, recognize that images represent real-life experiences, and develop early awareness of print and sounds in language.

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Cognitive development through exploration and discovery emerges as children show curiosity about people and objects, use their senses to explore, and notice colors, shapes, and patterns. They experiment to solve problems, use creativity, and apply familiar knowledge to new experiences, even beginning to understand basic math concepts like quantity and size. Their memory develops as they recognize familiar routines and people, remember past experiences, and search for missing objects. Finally, imitation and make-believe play help children express creativity, explore roles, and make sense of the world around them.